Achieving equitable vaccination coverage and ensuring no one is left behind are key goals of the Immunization Agenda 2030 and global health efforts. While immunization coverage has improved worldwide, with the number of children dying from vaccine-preventable diseases dropping by 70 percent over the past two decades, there are still millions of children who are not vaccinated (estimated at around 17 percent). In support of the global movement to end vaccine inequity, Gavi aims to reduce the number of zero-dose (ZD) children by 25 percent by 2025 and by 50 percent by 2030. The Gavi-funded Zero-Dose Learning Hub (ZDLH) project is a global consortium composed of four Country Learning Hubs (CLHs) which aim to more effectively identify and reach ZD children with life-saving vaccines. One of the CLHs is located in Nigeria. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with an estimated population of 201 million in mid-2019. More than four million Nigerian children under one year of age missed one or more vaccinations in 2017 and again in 2018.

The Political Economy Analysis (PEA) approach is intended to inform the Nigeria CLH’s activities by identifying areas for concentrated support so the various stakeholders involved in delivering immunization services in the country can reach ZD children. Specifically, this analysis maps the regulatory framework, interests, constraints, and power dynamics that affect different actors within the system, including their actions, or lack thereof, in relation to data generation, integration, and use among immunization stakeholders at the country level. With a better understanding of the political economy of this system, the Nigeria CLH can define entry points and develop strategies to engage relevant stakeholders effectively. The aim is to foster evidence-informed decision making and promote the generation and use of evidence to address the immunization needs of ZD children and missed communities in Nigeria.