This study published in BMJ Global Health identifies critical gaps in Bangladesh's vaccination coverage, focusing on zero-dose and under-immunized children. Key findings include:

• Prevalence: 1.9% of children are zero-dose, while 11.6% remain under-immunized.
• High-Risk Areas: Vulnerability is highest in wetlands (haor), coastal regions, and urban slums.
• Demographic Risks: Female children, children from larger families (3+ children), and those living over 1 km from health centers are significantly more likely to miss doses.
• Primary Barriers: Caregivers cited childhood illness (47.4%), busy schedules, and long distances as the main reasons for missing vaccinations.

To improve equity, the study suggests implementing alternate session hours (evenings/weekends), increasing health worker outreach in "missed communities," and conducting targeted gender-sensitive communication to encourage vaccination for female infants.